# Câu 15 Phần I · Đề chính thức Tiếng Anh 2026 (Bộ GD&ĐT) – mã đề 1147

Tiếng Anh · 2026 · Đề chính thức Bộ GD&ĐT · mã đề 1147 · 50 phút  
Đáp án đối chiếu với file đáp án của Bộ GD&ĐT.  
Cập nhật: 27/10/2026. Nguồn: PrepMoon (https://prepmoon.com).

***Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 7 to 16.***

Environmental services, even when they arise without any human labour, are by no means cost-free. Every cost should be understood in terms of opportunity cost. For environmental services, the opportunity cost amounts to the net gain **relinquished** because the resources are no longer available for their second-best application. Whenever a resource has alternative uses, it cannot legitimately be deemed free.

For instance, a section of river might serve as a site used for either white-water canoeing or hydroelectric generation. Constructing a dam to produce electricity would flood the rapids, so this makes white-water canoeing here out of the question. The opportunity cost of preserving the river for canoeing equals the net benefit of the electricity that would otherwise have been produced, once the expenses of generation and distribution have been subtracted. By the same token, the opportunity cost of erecting the dam involves everything the river in its natural state would have provided – leisure activities, wildlife, scenic beauty, and whatever worth future generations might attach to experiencing the rapids.

This understanding carries considerable weight for planning development. **\[I\]** Numerous decisions initially appearing to be cost-free moves in favour of growth prove, when examined carefully, to be against something else. **\[II\]** Clearing a forest to make way for crops is hardly without cost; it is paid for through losses in carbon storage, biological diversity, and all the functions the forest once performed unnoticed. **\[III\]** Channelling a river for irrigation has its price – namely, whatever the river was doing before its course was altered. **\[IV\]** Even leaving a swathe of land alone exacts a cost, since the earnings that intensive exploitation might have produced are equally sacrificed.

From this perspective, economic development can never be reduced to whether a project delivers a positive return. Rather, what must be asked is whether that return outweighs the value of sacrifices. Policies considering this – by pricing scarce environmental services, or obliging those in charge to consider both sides – are not against development. What **they** demand is that development should be worth its true cost. The danger lies not in counting too much, but in counting too little.

(Adapted from *Environmental Economics and Policy*)

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

- **A.** The scale of economic development inevitably suffers from strict regulations on environmental services.
- **B.** The value of preserved environmental services far outweighs the benefits of industrial development.
- **C.** Projects are mandated to make up for the economic losses in return for environmental preservation.
- **D.** Decisions that overlook environmental opportunity costs risk overestimating the net gains they produce.

**Đáp án đúng:** D

**Lời giải:**

Bài kết luận *The danger lies not in counting too much, but in counting too little*: bỏ qua chi phí cơ hội của môi trường là tính thiếu chi phí, tức là đánh giá lợi ích ròng cao hơn thực tế. B, C, A không có căn cứ trong bài. Chọn D.

Cả đề, có đáp án và lời giải: https://prepmoon.com/de-thi/tieng-anh/de-chinh-thuc-tieng-anh-2026-bo-gd-dt-ma-de-1147  
Trang câu hỏi: https://prepmoon.com/de-thi/tieng-anh/de-chinh-thuc-tieng-anh-2026-bo-gd-dt-ma-de-1147/phan-1-cau-15